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【】ebattleofhastings,onoctoberthe fourteenthofthatyear,hedestroyedtheesofharold ofhelastoftheanglosaxonkingsaablished hielfaskingofengland.butheorhis suessorsofthehouseofanjouandplantageregarded englandastheirtrueho.totheheislanderelya partoftheirgreatiaheasortof lonyinhabitedbyratherbackthey forcedtheiroion.graduallyhowever the``lonyofenglandgainedupoher untryofnorndy.atthesatithekingsof fran englishneighboursorethandisobedient servantsofthefrenroeraturyofwar farethefrenchpeople,uheleadershipofayounggirlby thenaofjoanofartheir soil.joanherself,takenaprisohebattleofpiegne intheyear1430andsoldbyherburgundiancaptorstothe englishsoldiers,ch.buttheenglish nevergainedfootholdupoiandtheirkingswere atlastabletodevotealltheirtitotheirbritishpossessions. asthefeudalnobilityoftheislandhadbeenengagedinoneof thosestrangefeudsnintheddleages asaslesandsllpox,andasthegreaterpartoftheold landedproprietorshadbeenkilledduringthesesocalledwars oftheroses,iteeasyforthekingstoiheir royalpoheendofthefifteeury,england ronglytraliseduntry,ruledbyhenryvii ofthehouseoftudor,ousurtofjustice,the ``starery,suppressedallattets oofthesurvivingaintheiroldinfluence uponthegoventoftheuntryostseverity. intheyear1509henryviiceededbyhisson henryviii,andfrohatntooryofengland gainedaaheuntryceasedtobea diaevalislandandbecaadestate. henryhaderestinreligion.hegladlyuseda privatedisagreentany divorselfindepeofroandke thehofenglandthefirstofthose``nationalistihes ihespiritualheadofhis subjeationof1034notonlygave thehouseoftudorthesupportoftheenglishclergy,who foralongtihadbeenexposedtotheviolentattaany lutheranpropagandists,butitalsoincreasedtheroyalpower throughthenfiserpossessionsofthe nasteries.atthesatiitdehenrypopularhthe rtsandtradespeople,heproudandprosperous inhabitantsofanislaof europebyadislikefor everything``fnanddidnotanitalianbishoptorule theirhobritishsouls. in1517henrydied.heleftthethroohissllson, agedten.theguardiansoftheode lutherando. buttheboydiedbeforeheeen,andceeded byhissisterry,thewifeofphilipiiofspain,who buedthebishopsoftheneionalchurdinother pleofherroyalspanishhusband fortunatelyshedied,intheyear1558,andceeded byelizabeth,thedaughterofhenryviiiandanneboleyn, thesendofhissixhehaddecapitatedwhenshe nolongerpleasedhielizabeth,etiin prison,andtherequestofthe holyroneeror,ostrdialeneofeverything catholidspanish.shesharedherfathersindifference ierionbutsheiedhisabilityasa veryshreer,ahefortyfiveyears niheningthepohedynastyandin inerryislands. inthissheostablyassistedbyanuerofnwho gatheredarouhroneaheelizabethanagea periodofsuchiortayououghttostudyitiail ihespecialbooksofellyouinthe bibliographyattheendofthisvolu. elizabeth,hofeelentirelysafeuponher throne.shehadarivalandaverydangerousone.ry, ofthehouseofstuart,daughterofafrenhessanda sttishfather,isiioffrand daughterinlaediciwhohadanised therdersofsaintbartholootherof alittleboyethefirststuartking ofengland.shecatholidawillingfriend tothoseiesofelizabeth.herok ofpolitiethodsployed topunishhercalvinistits,causedarevolutioninstland andforcedrytotakerefugeonenglishterritory.for eighteenyearsshereinedinengland,plottingforeverand adayagainsttheanerandwho lastobligedtofolloheadviceofhertrusteduncilors ``tocutteoffthesttishqueensheade. theheadteoffintheyear1587andcaused abinednaviesofenglandand hollaedphilipsinvinciblearda,aswehavealready seen,andthebloeanttodestroythe pohetantileadersuedintoa profitablebusinessadventure. fooanyyearsofhesitation,theenglish ashedutchthoughtittheirghttoinvade theindiesandaridaveheillsheirprotes tehrenhadsufferedatthehandsofthespaniards.the englishhadbeenangtheearliestsubus. britishships,heveianpilotgiovannicaboto orcabot,hadbeenthefirsttodisverandexplorethe northearitiin1496bradorandnewfoundland portanceasapossiblelony.but thebanksofhe englishfishi.ayearlater,in1497,thesacabot hadexploredtheastofflorida. thehebusyyearsofhenryviiandhenry viiioneyfnexplorations. butunderelizabeth,ary stuartinprison,thesailorsuldleavetheirharbourhout fe ...